---
title: "NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Tissues in Action"
url: https://www.swavid.com/science/class/9/chapter/tissues-in-action/ncert-solutions
dateModified: 2026-10-07T16:20:22+00:00
---

# NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Tissues in Action

This chapter's questions cover plant and animal tissues, their structure and functions, types of meristems, plant tissue systems, and human musculoskeletal anatomy including bones, muscles, and joints.

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## Think It Over

### Question 1

*3 marks · Short answer*

How is the study of cells and tissues significant for understanding the life processes and human welfare?

**Solution**

1. The study of cells and tissues helps us understand the natural biological processes that govern growth, development, and maintenance in living organisms.
2. It provides insights into intricate bodily functions such as protection by the skin, movement by muscles, and coordination by nerves.
3. This knowledge enables researchers to replicate and modify biological processes for human welfare, including tissue culture, medical treatments, and crop improvement.

**Answer:** Studying cells and tissues reveals how living organisms function, grow, and respond, enabling advancements in medicine and agriculture.

> Common mistake: Writing general statements without linking cell and tissue study to biological processes and human welfare.

### Question 2

*3 marks · Short answer*

How are tissues in plants and animals different, and why?

**Solution**

1. Plant tissues provide support to stay firm and upright since plants are fixed in one place, requiring rigid cell walls and supportive tissues like sclerenchyma.
2. Animal tissues are adapted for locomotion and mobility, as animals move around and lack rigid cell walls.
3. Plants have tissues for utilizing solar energy for photosynthesis, whereas animals have tissues specialised for digesting food obtained from different sources.

**Answer:** Plant and animal tissues differ because plants are stationary and require structural support and photosynthetic tissues, while animals are mobile and require specialized tissues for locomotion and heterotrophic nutrition.

> Common mistake: Forgetting to explain the 'why' based on lifestyle differences such as movement and nutrition.

### Question 3

*3 marks · Short answer*

How is the division of labour at various levels of organisation in multicellular organisms correlated with their structure and function?

**Solution**

1. In multicellular organisms, cells of similar type and structure group together to form tissues to perform specific functions.
2. Different tissues combine to form organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems form the complete organism, establishing a hierarchy of organisation.
3. This division of labour increases the overall efficiency of the body and enables it to carry out complex life processes smoothly.

**Answer:** The division of labour means different groups of cells and tissues are structurally adapted to perform specific functions, increasing bodily efficiency and enabling complex life processes.

> Common mistake: Confusing cellular organisation with unicellular functions.

## Pause and Ponder

### Question 1

*3 marks · Short answer*

You may have noticed that fibres of coconut husk are hard and brittle, whereas the leaf stalks of coriander are soft and flexible. Find out the reason.

**Solution**

1. Coconut husk fibres are made of sclerenchyma tissue, which has thick, lignified walls making the cells hard, strong, and dead.
2. The leaf stalks of coriander contain collenchyma tissue, which consists of living cells with unevenly thickened corners containing pectin.
3. Pectin provides flexibility and bending ability, whereas lignin provides rigidity and brittleness.

**Answer:** Coconut husk fibres are hard due to lignified sclerenchyma, while coriander stalks are flexible due to pectinated collenchyma.

> Common mistake: Confusing the deposition of lignin in sclerenchyma with pectin in collenchyma.

### Question 2

*3 marks · Short answer*

Why do you think that a thick cuticle on the outer wall of epidermis is advantageous for a plant living in the desert but disadvantageous for a plant living underwater?

**Solution**

1. In desert plants, a thick cuticle reduces excessive water loss through transpiration in dry, hot conditions.
2. In underwater plants, water is readily available in the surroundings and does not need to be conserved.
3. A thick cuticle would prevent the absorption of essential gases and minerals directly from the surrounding water, making it disadvantageous.

**Answer:** A thick cuticle prevents water loss in dry deserts, but in underwater plants it blocks necessary gas and nutrient exchange from water.

> Common mistake: Stating that underwater plants need to conserve water.

### Question 3

*3 marks · Short answer*

Once water is absorbed by plant roots, it has to travel against gravity through xylem. How do the 'dead' cells of the xylem work together with the living cells of leaves at the top to keep the water moving?

**Solution**

1. The dead, tubular cells of xylem vessels and tracheids form a continuous unbroken column from roots to leaves for water transport.
2. Living cells in the leaves lose water through transpiration via stomata, creating a suction force called transpiration pull.
3. This pull draws water upward through the dead xylem elements against gravity to replace the lost water.

**Answer:** Living leaf cells create transpiration pull via evaporation, which draws water upward through the continuous tubular dead cells of the xylem.

> Common mistake: Forgetting the role of transpiration pull created by leaves.

### Question 4

*3 marks · Short answer*

What do you think will happen if there were no stomata in the epidermis of the stem or leaves?

**Solution**

1. Stomata are pores in the epidermis of leaves and stems responsible for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
2. Without stomata, plants would not be able to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis or release oxygen.
3. Transpiration pull, which helps in the upward movement of water and minerals through xylem, would also stop.

**Answer:** Absence of stomata would halt gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and stop transpiration pull required for water transport.

> Common mistake: Only mentioning photosynthesis and omitting transpiration and water transport.

### Question 5

*3 marks · Short answer*

Look at the picture given below (Fig. 3.17). Carefully observe the various poses of classical and folk dances of India. Can you identify which joints are involved? Also, what type of movement each joint allows?

**Solution**

1. Ball and socket joints are involved in the shoulders and hips, allowing free movement in all directions including circular rotation.
2. Hinge joints are involved in the elbows and knees, allowing bending and straightening in only one plane.
3. Pivot joints are involved in the neck, allowing side-to-side turning movements.

**Answer:** Dance poses involve ball and socket joints (shoulders/hips) for circular motion, hinge joints (knees/elbows) for bending, and pivot joints (neck) for turning.

> Common mistake: Confusing the range of motion of hinge joints with ball and socket joints.

## Think as a Scientist

### Question a

*3 marks · Short answer*

What do you conclude about the characteristics of phloem cells of carrot?

**Solution**

1. Phloem cells of carrot possess the ability to dedifferentiate to form an unspecialised mass of cells.
2. Under appropriate conditions and nutrient supply, these cells can further divide and redifferentiate to form roots, shoots, and eventually a complete plant.
3. This demonstrates the property of totipotency in mature plant cells.

**Answer:** Phloem cells of carrot retain the ability to dedifferentiate, divide, and redifferentiate into a complete plant, demonstrating totipotency.

> Common mistake: Confusing differentiation with dedifferentiation.

### Question b

*3 marks · Short answer*

In which of the three combinations would you obtain the highest and lowest biomass? What could be the possible reason(s) for this observation?

**Solution**

1. The highest increase in biomass (20% increased) is obtained with the combination of light, air, and liquid medium with nutrients.
2. The lowest biomass is obtained when either air is absent or light is absent in the cultures.
3. The reason is that both light and air are essential for active cellular processes like photosynthesis and respiration, which provide energy and carbon for rapid cell division and growth in liquid nutrient medium.

**Answer:** Highest biomass is obtained in the presence of both light and air in liquid medium due to optimal conditions for respiration and photosynthesis.

> Common mistake: Forgetting that plant cells in culture require both gaseous exchange and energy sources for growth.

### Question c

*3 marks · Short answer*

Will you get the same results if you culture animal cells instead of carrot cells?

**Solution**

1. No, we will not get the same results if animal cells are cultured under identical conditions.
2. Unlike mature plant cells, most differentiated animal cells generally lack totipotency and cannot regenerate into a complete organism on their own.
3. Animal cells require specialized growth factors, complex media, and do not possess cell walls or the same capacity for dedifferentiation as plant cells.

**Answer:** No, animal cells will not regenerate into a complete organism because they lack the totipotency seen in many plant cells.

> Common mistake: Assuming all eukaryotic cells share the same regenerative capacity.

### Question d

*3 marks · Short answer*

Think and mention any two commercial applications of the study above.

**Solution**

1. Micropropagation allows rapid mass production of disease-free and genetically identical plants.
2. Production of valuable secondary metabolites and phytochemicals useful in medicines and industry.
3. Development of transgenic and disease-resistant crop varieties through genetic engineering techniques combined with tissue culture.

**Answer:** Two commercial applications are rapid micropropagation of elite plant varieties and the production of valuable phytochemicals.

> Common mistake: Writing general agricultural practices instead of applications specific to tissue culture.

## Revise, Reflect, Refine

### Question 1

*1 mark · MCQ*

Meristematic tissues divide repeatedly. What property of their cells allows them to do this?

- They have thick walls for protection.
- They contain large vacuoles that store nutrients.
- They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm and large prominent nucleus.
- They are functionally differentiated cells.

**Solution**

1. Meristematic cells are actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth.
2. They possess thin cell walls, dense cytoplasm, and a large, prominent nucleus to facilitate rapid and continuous division.

**Answer:** (iii) They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm and large prominent nucleus.

> Common mistake: Confusing meristematic tissue features with permanent tissue features like thick walls and large vacuoles.

### Question 2

*1 mark · MCQ*

If a plant is unable to transport food from leaves to roots which tissue is malfunctioning?

- Xylem
- Phloem
- Epidermis
- Sclerenchyma

**Solution**

1. Phloem is the specialised complex permanent tissue responsible for transporting food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
2. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals.

**Answer:** (ii) Phloem

> Common mistake: Confusing the functions of xylem and phloem.

### Question 3

*1 mark · MCQ*

Why are the epithelial tissues that line an animal's internal organs usually only one or a few cells thick?

- To store food efficiently.
- To provide maximum strength.
- To allow quick exchange of materials across them.
- To reduce friction.

**Solution**

1. Epithelial tissues lining internal organs are thin to facilitate the rapid diffusion and exchange of materials across the cell layers.
2. Thick layers would slow down absorption and exchange processes.

**Answer:** (iii) To allow quick exchange of materials across them.

> Common mistake: Assuming all epithelial tissues are meant for thick protective layers like the skin.

### Question 4

*3 marks · Short answer*

You can perform these two jumps (Fig. 3.21): Straight-leg jump — keep knees and ankles stiff. Normal jump — bend knees and ankles naturally. How did your ankle, knee and hip positions differ between the two jumps?

**Solution**

1. In a straight-leg jump, the ankle, knee, and hip joints are kept stiff and rigid, preventing natural bending and shock absorption.
2. In a normal jump, the ankle, knee, and hip joints bend naturally to absorb the impact and propel the body upwards.
3. This difference in joint positioning changes how forces are distributed across the lower limbs during movement.

**Answer:** In a straight-leg jump, ankles, knees, and hips remain stiff, whereas in a normal jump, these joints bend naturally to absorb shock and facilitate movement.

> Common mistake: Forgetting to mention all three joints (ankle, knee, and hip) specified in the question.

### Question 5

*1 mark · MCQ*

Which type of joint is involved when you bend your knees and ankles?

- Ball and socket
- Hinge
- Pivot

**Solution**

1. The knees and ankles bend and straighten in one direction only, functioning like a door hinge.
2. Therefore, the hinge joint is involved in these movements.

**Answer:** (ii) Hinge

> Common mistake: Confusing hinge joints with ball and socket joints.

### Question 6

*1 mark · Assertion and reason*

In each of the following cases (A, B, C and D), choose the correct option as given below:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
A. Assertion: Epithelium is well-suited for gas exchange in the lungs.
Reason: It consists of multiple layers of tall cells that slow down diffusion.
B. Assertion: Cardiac muscle can contract continuously without fatigue.
Reason: Cardiac muscle cells have a high number of mitochondria and an abundant blood supply.
C. Assertion: Tendons connect bone to bone and allow joint movement.
Reason: Tendons are made of tough connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone.
D. Assertion: In a hinge joint, movement occurs primarily in one plane.
Reason: The bone ends are shaped to allow sliding in all directions.

- Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
- (A) is true, but (R) is false.
- (A) is false, but (R) is true.

**Part A**

1. The assertion is true because the squamous epithelium in the lungs consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells facilitating rapid diffusion.
2. The reason is false because the epithelium involved in gas exchange is a single layer, not multiple layers of tall cells.

Answer A: (iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

**Part B**

1. The assertion is true as cardiac muscles work continuously and rhythmically without fatigue.
2. The reason is also true and correctly explains that high mitochondria count and abundant blood supply provide continuous energy.

Answer B: (i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

**Part C**

1. The assertion is false because ligaments connect bone to bone, whereas tendons connect muscle to bone.
2. The reason is true as tendons are tough connective tissues that transmit force from muscle to bone.

Answer C: (iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

**Part D**

1. The assertion is true because a hinge joint allows movement primarily in one plane like a door hinge.
2. The reason is false because hinge joints do not allow sliding in all directions like ball and socket joints.

Answer D: (iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

**Answer:** A: (iv), B: (i), C: (iv), D: (iii)

> Common mistake: Confusing the functions and definitions of tendons and ligaments in assertion C.

### Question 7

*4 marks · Case-based*

Plot a graph between the age of a tree (in years) on the x-axis and the diameter of the tree (in cm) along with the number of annual rings formed over time on the y-axis, using the data given in the Table 3.7.
(i) Analyse the graph in terms of the diameter of the stem over time and share the interpretation.
(ii) What is the relation between the diameter of the teak tree to the annual rings formed?
(iii) Which specialised tissue is responsible for the girth of the stem and where is it located?

**Part (i)**

1. The graph shows a steady increase in the diameter of the stem (DBH) as the age of the tree increases over time.
2. This indicates that plant stems continuously increase in girth as they grow older.

Answer (i): Stem diameter increases steadily with time.

**Part (ii)**

1. The number of annual rings formed equals the age of the tree in years.
2. Each annual ring corresponds to one year of growth, meaning diameter and annual rings increase correspondingly.

Answer (ii): The number of annual rings equals the tree's age and increases with diameter.

**Part (iii)**

1. The lateral meristem is responsible for the increase in the girth of the stem.
2. It is located along the circumference or in a ring inside the stem.

Answer (iii): Lateral meristem, located along the circumference of the stem.

**Answer:** The diameter of the stem increases proportionally with age and annual rings, driven by the lateral meristem.

> Common mistake: Confusing apical meristem (length) with lateral meristem (girth).

### Question 8

*4 marks · Case-based*

In a forest, it was observed that one of the trees was severely debarked by an elephant to meet its food requirements, as the bark is a rich source of nutrients (Fig. 3.22). Based on your learning, answer the following:
(i) Which function(s) of the tree is/are hampered by debarking?
(ii) Which plant tissue would be affected by further damage to the tree trunk even after debarking?
(iii) Which function of the tree would be hampered if the tissues beneath the bark were severely damaged?
(iv) What assumptions are you making to answer the questions above? How would the answer change if your assumptions are also changed?

**Part (i)**

1. The bark contains phloem tissue and protective layers.
2. Debarking hampers the transport of food prepared in the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Answer (i): Transport of food and protection are hampered.

**Part (ii)**

1. Deeper damage beyond the bark affects the vascular tissues located inside.
2. This would damage the xylem tissue responsible for water and mineral transport.

Answer (ii): Xylem tissue would be affected.

**Part (iii)**

1. Tissues beneath the bark include vascular tissues like xylem and phloem.
2. Damaging them would halt the conduction of water, minerals, and food throughout the plant body.

Answer (iii): Conduction of water, minerals, and food would be severely hampered.

**Part (iv)**

1. Assumption: Removal is restricted to the outer bark containing phloem.
2. If the inner wood (xylem) is also removed, water transport stops, causing the tree to die rapidly.

Answer (iv): Assuming only outer bark is removed; deeper damage would stop water transport and kill the tree.

**Answer:** Debarking removes phloem and cork, hammering food conduction and protection.

> Common mistake: Confusing the roles of xylem and phloem during trunk damage.

### Question 9

*3 marks · Short answer*

Aamrapali observed that a young mango sapling's stem bends flexibly during monsoon winds and does not break. Which tissue is responsible for this flexibility? Predict and provide your explanation of the impact if the existing tissue was replaced by sclerenchyma.

**Solution**

1. Collenchyma tissue is responsible for providing flexibility and allowing parts like stems and tendrils to bend without breaking.
2. It consists of living cells with unevenly thickened corners due to pectin deposition.
3. If collenchyma was replaced by sclerenchyma, the stem would become rigid and hard due to lignin deposition, causing it to snap easily under wind pressure instead of bending.

**Answer:** Collenchyma provides flexibility; replacing it with rigid sclerenchyma would cause the stem to break under wind.

> Common mistake: Stating parenchyma instead of collenchyma for flexibility.

### Question 10

*4 marks · Case-based*

Sohan designed an experiment for the regeneration of sugarcane, where he used cuttings to grow sugarcane. He used two types of cuttings, type 'A' and type 'B' (Fig. 3.23). After a few weeks, type 'B' cuttings sprouted and developed into sugarcane plants, whereas the type 'A' cuttings did not sprout.
(i) Why were the type 'B' cuttings able to grow as sugarcane but type 'A' could not?
(ii) What difference was present in type 'B' compared to type 'A'?
(iii) What observation or measurement was made to determine whether this change had an effect?
(iv) What parameters should be kept the same for both types of cuttings to ensure a fair comparison?

**Part (i)**

1. Type 'B' cuttings were able to grow because they possessed nodes containing intercalary meristem.
2. Type 'A' cuttings lacked nodes and active meristematic cells required for sprouting new branches.

Answer (i): Type B had nodes with meristematic tissue, while type A did not.

**Part (ii)**

1. Type 'B' contained plant nodes (the points where branches or leaves arise).
2. Type 'A' consisted only of internodal regions without nodes.

Answer (ii): Type B contained nodes, whereas type A consisted only of internodes.

**Part (iii)**

1. Observations included noting whether the cuttings sprouted and measuring the length or number of new shoots developed over a few weeks.

Answer (iii): Observation of sprouting and measurement of shoot length.

**Part (iv)**

1. Parameters such as water availability, soil or nutrient medium, temperature, and sunlight exposure should be kept the same for a fair comparison.

Answer (iv): Water, temperature, sunlight, and nutrient medium must be kept identical.

**Answer:** Type B cuttings grew because they contained nodes with meristematic tissue, whereas type A lacked nodes.

> Common mistake: Ignoring the presence of nodes and meristematic regions in stem cuttings.

### Question 11

*3 marks · Short answer*

During the discussion in class, Rohan gives a statement that, "A tissue is a group of similar cells performing similar functions". But Rajiv counter argues that, "this is true in case of simple tissues but little different in case of complex tissues". Provide your explanation in view of the discussion in class.

**Solution**

1. A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
2. In simple permanent tissues like parenchyma and collenchyma, all cells are structurally similar and perform the same function, supporting Rohan's statement.
3. In complex permanent tissues like xylem and phloem, multiple types of cells work together to perform a common function, validating Rajiv's counter-argument.

**Answer:** Simple tissues consist of similar cells, but complex tissues consist of different types of cells working together.

> Common mistake: Stating that complex tissues are made of only one cell type.

### Question 12

*3 marks · Short answer*

Coconut husk fibres are used for mats which are tough and fibrous. Which tissue has structural features suitable for providing this strength? Explain why living parenchyma couldn't serve the same purpose.

**Solution**

1. Sclerenchyma tissue has thick cell walls due to the deposition of lignin, making the cells hard, strong, and dead at maturity.
2. Coconut husk is made of sclerenchyma fibres, which provide the required mechanical strength and toughness.
3. Living parenchyma cells have thin walls and loose packing with intercellular spaces, lacking the rigidity and strength needed for tough fibrous mats.

**Answer:** Sclerenchyma provides strength via lignin deposition; living parenchyma has thin walls and lacks sufficient rigidity.

> Common mistake: Confusing living thin-walled parenchyma with dead lignified sclerenchyma cells.

### Question 13

*3 marks · Short answer*

Vibha claims to her friend Neha that, "Meristematic cells are located only at the root and shoot apices". What do you think about this statement? What question can Neha ask Vibha to help her understand further if the statement is incorrect?

**Solution**

1. Vibha's statement is incorrect because meristematic tissues are also present at other locations such as the base of internodes or nodes.
2. This tissue is called the intercalary meristem, which helps in the regrowth of grasses and stems after cutting.
3. Neha can ask Vibha: "How do grasses regenerate after being grazed by animals if meristems are only present at root and shoot apices?"

**Answer:** The statement is incorrect as intercalary meristems are located at the base of internodes or nodes.

> Common mistake: Confining meristematic tissue only to apical tips and forgetting intercalary and lateral meristems.

### Question 14

*3 marks · Short answer*

A plant cell and an animal cell are of the same size.
(i) Which cell will have a larger vacuole? Give reasons.
(ii) What assumptions are you making to answer the question above?

**Part (i)**

1. The plant cell will have a larger vacuole compared to the animal cell.
2. Plant cells have large, central vacuoles that occupy a major portion of the cell volume to provide turgidity and rigidity, whereas animal cells have small, temporary vacuoles.

Answer (i): Plant cell, because it stores water and maintains turgidity.

**Part (ii)**

1. We assume that both cells are mature and functioning under normal environmental conditions.

Answer (ii): Assumption that both cells are mature.

**Answer:** Plant cells have a larger vacuole to provide rigidity and store substances.

> Common mistake: Assuming plant and animal cells have similar vacuole sizes.

### Question 15

*3 marks · Short answer*

A textbook states, "Each plant tissue performs only one specific function". What questions would you ask to critically examine the correctness of this statement? What examples of tissues would you take to find out the answers to these questions?

**Solution**

1. To critically examine the statement, one can ask whether certain plant tissues perform multiple roles simultaneously.
2. Examples of tissues to analyze include parenchyma and epidermis.
3. Parenchyma stores food but also performs photosynthesis in green parts and helps aquatic plants float, showing that tissues can have multiple functions.

**Answer:** Questions can focus on whether tissues like parenchyma perform multiple functions such as storage and photosynthesis.

> Common mistake: Stating that every tissue has only one fixed function without considering multipurpose tissues like parenchyma.

## Frequently asked questions

### How many total questions and exercises are included in this SwaVid page for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Tissues in Action?

This page covers all textbook features based on the new NCERT book for the 2026-27 session, including 3 questions in Think It Over, 5 in Pause and Ponder, 4 in Think as a Scientist, and 15 in Revise, Reflect, Refine. SwaVid provides comprehensive step-by-step solutions and a free PDF right here on this page.

### Which specific topics and concepts do the questions on this page cover?

The questions cover crucial concepts like meristematic and permanent tissues, epidermal tissue, plant supporting tissues, stomata, division of labour, plant tissue culture, and epithelial tissues. You will also find exercises exploring plant growth, annual rings, and complex permanent tissues.

### What is considered the hardest question type in this chapter and how should I approach it?

Assertion-reason and case-based questions in the Revise, Reflect, Refine section are often considered the trickiest. To approach them, first verify the independent truth of the assertion and the reason, and then check whether the reason correctly explains the assertion rather than just being a true statement by itself.

### How can I write my answers to score full marks in Class 9 Science examinations?

To secure full marks, structure your answers with precise scientific terminology, such as differentiating clearly between plant and animal tissues or explaining xylem and transpiration pull accurately. Following SwaVid's step-by-step solutions available on this page helps you learn the exact presentation style required by examiners.

### Is the free PDF for these NCERT solutions available for download?

Yes, SwaVid provides a completely free PDF containing detailed solutions for all exercises in this chapter. You can easily access and download this resource directly from this page to aid your exam preparation for the 2026-27 session.

## Related pages

- [Class 9 Science chapters](https://www.swavid.com/science/class/9)

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